Monday, November 4, 2013

Plea deal of lab tech linked to hepatitis C outbreak reveals more past details

CONCORD, N.H.A traveling hospital technician accused of infecting dozens of patients with hepatitis C through needles tainted with his own blood reached an agreement with prosecutors that would give him a sentence of as little as 30 years instead of the nearly 100 he could have faced if convicted in a trial.

The agreement, filed Monday, also contained new revelations that he was fired from two Michigan hospitals and resigned from two others before beginning his traveling temp career.

David Kwiatkowski, who has been jailed since his arrest in July 2012, is accused of stealing painkiller syringes from Exeter Hospital's cardiac catheterization lab in New Hampshire and replacing them with blood-tainted saline. He told investigators he had been stealing drugs for more than a decade and was "killing a lot of people," according to the plea agreement filed Monday.

If convicted at trial, he could have been sentenced to up to 98 years behind bars. He agreed to plead guilty to 14 federal drug theft and tampering charges he faced in exchange for a lighter sentence of 30 to 40 years in prison.

Kwiatkowski's attorneys did not immediately respond to emails or a phone message left at their office Monday night. A hearing on the plea agreement is set for Wednesday.

Linda Ficken, of Andover, Kan., is among those Kwiatkowski is accused of infecting. Ficken, 71, said Monday she's glad he pleaded guilty but wishes the sentence were longer.

"It should've been life, since he gave us potentially a death sentence," she said.

More than a year after Kwiatkowski's arrest, Ficken said, she is still angry at Kwiatkowski and at the system that let him move from job to job after he was fired over allegations of drug use and theft.

Thirty-two patients in New Hampshire have been diagnosed with the strain of hepatitis C carried by Kwiatkowski, who worked at 18 hospitals in seven states before being hired in New Hampshire in 2011. There have been seven cases in Maryland, six in Kansas and one in Pennsylvania.

One of the Kansas patients has died, and hepatitis C, a blood-borne viral infection that can cause liver disease and chronic health issues, played a "contributing role," the plea agreement said.

The plea agreement includes details of an interview Kwiatkowski gave investigators in New Hampshire after his arrest in which he said he knew he'd been diagnosed in 2010 but continued to "swap out" syringes of the painkiller fentanyl.

He said he had been stealing drugs since 2002 and estimated that he had swapped syringes at least 50 times in New Hampshire, at least 30 times in Georgia and more than 20 times in Kansas. Under the plea deal, Kwiatkowski would avoid criminal charges in the latter two states.

After Kwiatkowski's arrest, two of his previous employers confirmed that he had been fired over drug allegations. But several new incidents emerged in Monday's court filing.

AP: Lab tech's arrest in hepatitis C outbreak shows flaws in system Lab tech accused in hep C outbreak fired by Ariz. hospital in 2010 over drugs 95 patients infected with hepatitis C linked to Chinese clinic According to the plea agreement, Kwiatkowski was fired from a Michigan hospital in 2004 after failing a drug test and was fired from another that year for gross misconduct. He resigned from two more Michigan hospitals while under investigation for drug use.

Kwiatkowski, who grew up in Michigan, later began work as a traveler sent by staffing agencies to hospitals around the country, usually for temporary jobs. In announcing federal drug charges last year, U.S. Attorney John Kacavas called him a "serial infector."

Saturday, September 7, 2013

Hospital technician to plead guilty in hepatitis C outbreak

CONCORD, N.H. A hospital technician accused of causing a multi-state outbreak of hepatitis C will plead guilty in exchange for a prison term of 30 to 40 years, according to a plea agreement filed Monday in New Hampshire federal court.

The plea says it would allow David Kwiatkowski to avoid criminal charges in Kansas, Maryland and Georgia — states where authorities say the traveling cardiac technologist injected himself with painkillers then put saline back in the tainted needles.

Exeter Hospital lab tech indicted in New Hampshire hepatitis C outbreak AP: Lab tech's arrest in hepatitis C outbreak shows flaws in system Lab tech David Kwiatkowski, indicted in N.H. hospital hepatitis C outbreak, denies drug use

Dozens of patients in three states were infected as a result of Kwiatkowski's actions, according to the plea agreement. One patient in Kansas who was infected with hepatitis C genetically linked to Kwiatkowski's strain died and the infection played a "contributing role" in the patient's death, the plea agreement said.

The agreement includes details of an interview Kwiatkowski gave investigators in New Hampshire after his arrest, saying he knew he'd been diagnosed in 2010 but continued to "swap out" syringes of the painkiller fentanyl.

According to the agreement, Kwiatkowski said he was the only person involved in the diverting of drugs at Exeter Hospital in New Hampshire then added, "and I'm going to kill a lot of people out of this."

Kwiatkowski also infected patients at Johns Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore, the VA Medical Center in Baltimore and Hays Medical Center in Kansas, according to the plea agreement signed by Kwiatkowski and his attorneys on July 18.

Under the terms of the deal, Kwiatkowski will plead guilty to seven counts each of tampering with a consumer product and obtaining controlled substances by fraud. A change of plea hearing was scheduled for Wednesday.

Kwiatkowski, who grew up in Michigan, worked as a "traveler" sent by staffing agencies to hospitals around the country, usually for temporary jobs. In announcing federal drug charges last year, U.S. Attorney John Kacavas called him a "serial infector."

Kwiatkowski's attorney did not immediately a phone message left at his office Monday night.

Born prematurely? You risk heart failure as adult, study suggests

Babies born prematurely carry more health risks than those born after a full pregnancy, including raised risk for intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, breathing problems, digestive woes, and hearing and vision loss.

New research adds heart problems during adulthood to the list.

Adults in their 20s who were born before the 37th week of pregnancy were found to have more problems with the heart's right ventricle, which could reduce the heart's capacity to pump blood.

A typical pregnancy lasts 40 weeks, though recent research suggests pregnancy time may vary up to five weeks from a woman's expected due date.

The researchers behind the new study, published Aug. 12 in Circulation, point out that that up to 10 percent of young adults today are born premature.

"We wanted to understand why this occurs so that we can identify the small group of patients born premature who may need advice from their health care provider about this cardiovascular risk," said study author Paul Leeson, a professor of cardiology at the University of Oxford's Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility in the U.K., in a press release. "The changes we have found in the right ventricle are quite distinct and intriguing."

The study was funded by the British Heart Foundation.

The human heart contains four chambers: the right and left atria -- which receive and collect blood -- and right and left ventricles, which pump blood from the heart into the circulatory system and rest of the body.

The ventricle on the right side of the heart, specifically, pumps blood from the heart to the lungs, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute.

When breathing air in, a cycle kicks off in which oxygen is passed from the lungs through blood vessels and into the blood. Then, carbon dioxide (waste) is passed from the blood through the lungs where it's removed when you breathe out. The left atrium is what receives this oxygen-rich blood from the lungs, which is then pumped out by the left ventricle into the main artery of the body, the aorta. Then it is delivered to the rest of the body.

The researchers followed a group of premature babies born in the 1980s until they were about 25. They were given standard heart tests checking for blood pressure and cholesterol, in addition to MRI machines to measure patients' blood vessels and heart structures. They then created a computer model to determine how much blood is being pumped in their hearts.

"Their hearts appear to be slightly smaller, they had slightly thicker walls and had a slight reduction of the blood they are pumping," Leeson told CBS News' Alphonso Van Marsh of those born prematurely, when compared to those born at full term.

People with these types of changes in the right ventricle's structure are more likely to have mild to moderate cases of high blood pressure (hypertension), and are at an increased risk for heart failure or cardiovascular-related death, according the researchers.

Previous studies have found similar changes in the left ventricle in adults who had been born prematurely.

But, Leeson insists there's no reason for such adults to panic if they were once a preemie.

"The vast majority will be absolutely fine," says Leeson. But, people born prematurely may represent a group at higher risk that doctors can keep a closer eye on.

The new study "is a great example of how computer models can help identify and analyze an individual's risk," Don Morris, vice president of scientific product technology development at Archimedes Inc., a subsidiary of Kaiser Permanente, said to HealthDay. "This information can be used today to help with better identification of people at risk so they can be treated proactively, for example, by more careful monitoring and control of blood pressure and cholesterol." Morris was not involved in the research.

Bed rest may not prevent premature birth after all Lullabies and infant-synchronized music may help premature babies' development Premature birth rates could fall with five proven steps, report finds For mothers trying to reduce their risk of having a premature baby, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes risks include cigarette smoking, alcohol use, chronic health problems in the mother such as diabetes and high blood pressure and having certain infections during pregnancy.

Induced labor may increase risk of autism in offspring

Having labor that is induced or augmented may lead to a greater chance of having a child with autism, new research reveals.

The U.S. government estimates that one in 50 school-aged kids has an autism spectrum disorder, which is the designation for a group of developmental brain disorders. All the conditions include some level of impairment when it comes to social skills, communication and behavioral issues.

Researchers looked at data from the North Carolina Detailed Birth Record and Education Research databases, which included 625,042 live births linked with school records. Of the group, 5,500 children had been diagnosed with autism.

Induced labor occurs when a medical professional intervenes in order to jump start the labor process. This usually happens when the woman is past her due date and has yet to go into labor or if there are problems with the baby or the mother's health. The doctor or midwife can use hormone medication (Pitocin) or other methods to open the mother's cervix, begin contractions and help her body prepare for vaginal birth.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, about 23.1 percent of all births in 2008 were induced.

Doctors may also augment labor to help along the birth if the process stops or slows down for some reason. This method is less commonly used than inducing labor and often requires medication.

Overall, the researchers estimated two out of every 1,000 autism cases in boys could potentially be prevented by not inducing or augmenting labor. Though the numbers seemed small, they were statistically significant, meaning not due to random chance.

Mothers who had induced labor were 13 percent more likely to have a child with autism. Mothers with augmented labor were 16 percent more likely to have a kid with the disorder. If a mother had both methods used on her, the child was 27 percent more likely to be diagnosed with autism during childhood.

For comparison, the authors noted that a mom who had other pregnancy problems, like diabetes, increased the risk of autism in her children by 23 percent, and if the fetus was ever in distress, the chance went up 25 percent.

C-sections did not affect the rate of autism.

Other conditions during pregnancy have recently been linked to increased autism risk. An August 2012 study showed that mothers who were obese were 67 percent more likely to have children with the disorder compared to those who maintained a normal weight during pregnancy.

Taking the anti-epilepsy drug valproate has been linked to a five-fold higher risk of having a child with an autism spectrum disorder in an April 2013 study published in JAMA. Exposure to air pollution while with child was also significantly connected to higher rates of autism, a June 2013 Environmental Health Perspectives study revealed.

Though the risk in the new study may seem alarming to some, Dr. Jeffrey L. Ecker, an obstetrician at Massachusetts General Hospital, told HealthDay that mothers shouldn't be concerned if they need to have their labor assisted -- nor should they go against their doctor's recommendation.

"Women should not conclude that if they need induction or augmentation their child will have or be at high risk for autism. Nor should they seek to avoid induction (or) augmentation," Ecker, who was not involved in the study, said. "The latter reaction would ... almost certainly (increase rates of) cesarean delivery, an intervention that we know has important (negative) effects on both maternal and neonatal health."

The study published in JAMA Pediatrics on Aug. 12.

The dark side of the love hormone

New research finds that oxytocin could deepen emotional wounds

 First comes love, then comes the crippling social anxiety?
First comes love, then comes the crippling social anxiety?

When we normally think about oxytocin — the so-called love hormone — we think of warmth, tenderness, and trust, the kinds of fuzzy feelings one might associate with walking on sunshine. In fact, oxytocin's considerable cuddle powers are why researchers are trying to bottle the stuff as a commercially viable nasal spray.

But it turns out that the hormone may also play a key role in triggering deep anxieties and emotional conflict, leaving scars that can last for years, if not decades. A new study by Jelena Radulovic of Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine discovered that oxytocin actually strengthens the social anxieties we get from intense emotional pain, whether that's being bullied in school as a kid, or getting caught in the hopeless spin-cycle of an abusive relationship.

Radulovic and her team discovered that oxytocin helps to unleash a signaling molecule called extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), which is usually activated 6 hours after a negative social experience. As Science News reports:

"ERK causes enhanced fear by stimulating the brain's fear pathways, many of which pass through the lateral septum. The region is involved in emotional and stress responses," Prof Radulovic explained.

"By understanding the oxytocin system's dual role in triggering or reducing anxiety, depending on the social context, we can optimize oxytocin treatments that improve well-being instead of triggering negative reactions." [Science News]

Oxytocin is often heralded as a magical hormone, the kind of cure-all that makes us nicer, gentler people. Previous studies have suggested that oxytocin can help diminish social fear, relieve stress, and make us more generous. The kinds of things, as George Dvorsky at io9 writes, that make humans human.

On the other hand, the latest findings seem to indicate that oxytocin has a dark side that we've only just begun to explore. Which, of course, is part of being human, too.

Should we allow prisoners to smoke weed?

Research suggests pot makes for more peaceful prisons

 This guy needs to mellow out.
This guy needs to mellow out.

When compared to the other illicit activities that occur behind bars, smoking pot ranks pretty low on the list of dangerous behavior. In fact, a recent survey conducted by the International Journal of Drug Policy (IJDP) suggests marijuana consumption could lead to more peaceful prison conditions.

The study, which focused on Swiss prisons, reveals that about 80 percent of prisoners and 50 percent of guards smoke pot. The Journal concluded:

Participants showed similar opinions on effects of cannabis use that were described both at individual and institutional levels: analgesic, calming, self-help to go through the prison experience, relieve stress, facilitate sleep, prevent violence, and social pacifier. [IJDP]

Although marijuana is illegal in Switzerland, prison officials turn a blind eye because smoking keeps prisoners calm and reduces violence, according to the study. Participants acknowledged the potential negative effects of marijuana use, including lethargy and antisocial behavior, but most agreed the consequences of a crackdown would be worse. Guards worried that ramping up regulation of cannabis use would lead to "violence, increased trafficking, and a shift to other drug use" among prisoners.

A study of Danish prisons released in 2012 yielded similar results. Seventy-eight percent of the prison guards interviewed by researchers at the Aarhus University's Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research said they use their own discretion when they encounter marijuana, rather than following the official drug regulations.

"The guards bend the rules to maintain order," Torsten Kolind, one of the anthropologists who conducted the study, told Science Nordic. "Many inmates have smoked cannabis for several years before they were imprisoned. They often smoke as a way of dealing with personal problems. If the guards take away their weed, they become restless and it could result in trouble."

Denmark technically has a zero-tolerance policy on drug possession, meaning cannabis has the same legal status as heroine and methamphetamine. But the corrections officers said they were more likely to crack down on substances like cocaine or alcohol, because they can lead to erratic, violent behavior, whereas marijuana often renders prisoners more docile.

"The guards know the inmates," Kolind said. "If they see inmates who suffer from personal problems such as loneliness sitting there in their cell smoking weed, they understand why they need it. They may then just tell them to shut the door because it smells of weed."

New York City is eyeing a ban on electronic cigarettes

Smoke 'em while you got 'em

 Sorry, Stephen Dorff, but your blue e-cig may soon be unwelcome in New York City.
Sorry, Stephen Dorff, but your blue e-cig may soon be unwelcome in New York City.

New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg is so concerned with public health, he doesn't want people to even feign smoking anymore.

The mayor who banned trans fats and tried to kill large sugary drinks has turned his attention to electronic cigarettes, those pen-shaped devices that are supposedly a safer way to get your nicotine fix. The city's Health Committee is considering several proposed ordinances related to cigarettes, including one that would classify e-cigarettes as tobacco products, according to a leaked copy of those proposals obtained by the Consumer Advocates for Smoke-Free Alternatives Association.

The proposals, via CASAA, would:

• Redefine "tobacco products" under New York City law to include e-cigarettes and related components, parts, and accessories
• Ban the display of e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco in retail stores
• Ban the sale of e-cigarettes or e-liquid in flavors other than tobacco, menthol, mint and wintergreen in areas other than an age-restricted "tobacco bar." New York City law prohibits "tobacco bars" that were not open in 2001, and thus even an e-cigarette store in New York City would be prohibited from selling flavored e-cigarettes!
• Mandate that e-cigarette products and parts, components, and accessories only be sold in their original packaging [CASAA]

The battery-powered cigarettes typically use liquid cartridges containing nicotine and some other chemicals. They do not, however, contain tobacco, so they technically fall outside the laws that regulate traditional cigarettes. Would-be smokers are therefore allowed to "light up" in city establishments, like bars, confounding bouncers and patrons who often mistake an e-cig's small cloud of vapor for the real thing.

The proposals under consideration, critics say, would effectively outlaw e-cigarettes by regulating them into extinction.

"This is a de facto ban on electronic cigarettes," Dr. Michael Siegel, a professor at the Boston University School of Public Health, tells Gothamist. "Pretty much all electronic cigarettes are flavored; they're essentially flavored products. You're basically telling a bunch of ex-smokers to go back to cigarettes."

Across the country, California's legislature is considering similar legislation that would treat e-cigarettes like other tobacco products.

Yet whether e-cigarettes are actually safer than the real thing is still up for debate.

The Food and Drug Administration issued a warning about the products back in 2009, saying some samples contained ingredients found in anti-freeze. The agency added that the products were not approved by the FDA, and could not be deemed safe without further testing. Furthermore, critics say e-cigarettes serve no purpose but to perpetuate nicotine addiction.

A more recent Drexel University study released this month, however, concluded that the supplementary chemicals in e-cigarettes were not harmful to users or bystanders.

Thursday, September 5, 2013

Outdoor smoking bans double in U.S. past 5 years

ATLANTAFirst it was bars, restaurants and office buildings. Now the front lines of the "No Smoking" battle have moved outdoors.

City parks, public beaches, college campuses and other outdoor venues across the country are putting up signs telling smokers they can't light up. Outdoor smoking bans have nearly doubled in the last five years, with the tally now at nearly 2,600 and more are in the works.

But some experts question the main rationale for the bans, saying there's not good medical evidence that cigarette smoke outdoors can harm the health of children and other passers-by.

Whether it is a long-term health issue for a lot of people "is still up in the air," said Neil Klepeis, a Stanford University researcher whose work is cited by advocates of outdoor bans.

Ronald Bayer, a Columbia University professor, put it in even starker terms.

"The evidence of a risk to people in open-air settings is flimsy," he said.

There are hundreds of studies linking indoor secondhand smoke to health problems like heart disease. That research has bolstered city laws and workplace rules that now impose smoking bans in nearly half of the nation's bars, restaurants and workplaces.

In contrast, there's been little study of the potential dangers of whiffing secondhand smoke while in the open air. But that hasn't stopped outdoor bans from taking off in the last five years. The rules can apply to playgrounds, zoos, beaches and ball fields, as well as outdoor dining patios, bus stops and building doorways.

"Secondhand smoke is harmful. It's particularly harmful to children," said Councilwoman Mary Cheh of the District of Columbia, one of more than 90 U.S. municipalities or counties considering an outdoor smoking law.

But is it really dangerous outdoors?

Federal health officials say yes. Studies have clearly established that even a brief exposure indoors to cigarette smoke can cause blood to become sticky and more prone to clotting. How long that lasts after just one dose isn't clear, officials say. The best-known studies so far have measured only up to about a day afterward.

Repeated exposures are more dangerous, and can worsen your cholesterol, increase the odds of plaque building in arteries, and raise the risk of chest pain, weakness, or heart attack.

Health officials say there's no reason to think that can't happen from breathing in smoke outdoors.

FDA: Menthol cigarettes raise public health questions U.S. smoking rate falls for adults, says CDC study France to ban electronic cigarettes in public amid health risk uncertainty "There's no risk-free level of secondhand smoke," said Brian King, an expert on secondhand smoke with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

However, it's hard to pin down the health effects of outdoor smoke. There have been some studies - fewer than a dozen - that tried to measure how much secondhand smoke can be found outdoors. Some have found levels that rival what people may breathe indoors, depending on which way the wind is blowing or whether there's an overhang or sheltered area that can trap smoke. One study detected significant fumes as far as 44 feet away from a smoker.

"If you can smell it, it's obviously there," said James Repace, a Maryland-based scientist-consultant who's done some of the outdoor studies.

Two small studies tested about two dozen nonsmokers at a smoky outdoor dining area in Athens, Ga. The saliva tests detected significant jumps in cotinine, a substance produced when the body metabolizes nicotine.

That doesn't mean it's causing chronic illness, though. Repace thinks only two kinds of people may face a serious health risk outdoors - those with severe asthma and staff at outdoor cafes where smoking is allowed.

Indeed, health advocates in some places have focused on sites like sidewalk cafes, feeling they can't make the case for beaches or open-air parks.

"We only get involved where there's a real health risk," said Flory Doucas, co-director of Canada's Quebec Coalition for Tobacco Control.

Still, cigarette smoke in a place like a park can be a nuisance to some, just like loud music or dog waste.

That's how Roger Montiel of Atlanta views it.

"I don't really like the smell and I don't like it blowing in my face. If I'm enjoying a day at the park, I'd rather it not be part of that experience," he said while walking through a downtown park recently.

That's good enough reason for outdoor bans, Repace said. "People don't have to be dropping dead for you to regulate something," he said.

Well, not so fast, said Simon Chapman, an Australian researcher. He once won a prestigious American Cancer Society award for his anti-smoking efforts and formerly was editor of a medical journal focused on smoking's dangers. But in recent years he's become a vocal opponent to wide-ranging outdoor smoking bans.

He and Bayer worry such bans are really motivated by desires to make smoking seem like an unusual, socially unacceptable behavior. Ban proponents see that as a worthy goal; Chapman thinks it's a bad precedent.

"Next you might say 'Let's not just stop there. Let's not have people smoke anywhere they might be seen'" he said. "And then is it legitimate to say that any behavior that people don't like should be disapproved of because people might see it."

In Atlanta, a city council member decided to act after an encounter with a smoker in a park. A ban on smoking in the city's parks went into effect last summer. Technically, a violation could result in a fine of as much as $1,000. But - as in other cities - Atlanta officials have not arrested anyone.

"Enforcement generally has been someone says `put that out,' and they put it out," said George Dusenbury, Atlanta's parks and recreation commissioner.

At Woodruff Park, a 6-acre downtown hangout, nearly a dozen smokers could be spotted in the park on a recent, sunny Friday morning. The regulars said they knew about the rules, but found ways to get around them.

"Smoke rises. I don't see a reason why it should bother other people out here," said Tommy Jackson, 55, lighting up with a friend at the edge of a paved footpath through the park.

Park worker Rufus Copeland said he's seen only a small drop in smoking since the green and white "Smoking Prohibited" signs went up last year. He steers smokers to the sidewalk rimming the park. But people still smoke. "It's hard," he said.

Brianna Mills, a 26-year-old nursing student from suburban Marietta, sat down for a quiet moment in the park with her Newports, unaware of the ban.

"It's supposed to be a free country," said Mills, who developed her habit 10 years ago. "It's like: 'Where can you smoke?'"

Study: Smokers cost their employers an extra $5,816 a year

Smokers cost their employers about $5,800 more each year annually than their non-smoking co-workers, according to recent research.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 18 percent of adults in the U.S smoked cigarettes in 2012 a rate that has declined from previous years.

The highest source of costs for employers came from smoke breaks, the study found. Researchers estimated that since smokers took five breaks a day on average compared to the three breaks most workers get, employers were paying $3,077 each year for their non-working time.

The second largest source of costs came from excess health care expenses, at $2,056 a year.

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable illness and death, taking more than 440,000 lives each year, the CDC said.

Other factors that added to the increased employer costs included missed days of work and lost of productivity. Smokers missed 2.5 days more than non-smokers each year.

"We certainly encourage businesses to provide smoking cessation programs. At least for large companies, it's highly likely to save them money over time," lead author Micah Berman, an assistant professor of public health and law at Ohio State, said to the New York Times.

The CDC reports that people who quit smoking reduce their risks for lung and other types of cancer, as well as loer their risk for heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. People see a significant coronary heart disease risk decrease within one to two years of quitting.

Women who quit during their reproductive years lower their risk for infertility, and those who are pregnancy may lower the risk that their child will be born with a low birthweight.

Quitting smoking can also help lower coughing and other respiratory symptoms and reduce the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The study was published in the June edition of Tobacco Control.

Shopping may make you more lonely - and shop more

A new study shows you can't always buy your way to happiness.

Research set to be published in the December 2013 issue of the Journal of Consumer Research shows that being materialistic may combat loneliness in some situations. But, given the wrong circumstances, acquiring material wealth may make a person feel more isolated than ever before.

Rik Pieters, a researcher with the department of marketing at the Tilburg School of Economics and Management in The Netherlands, followed more than 2,500 consumers over six years and measured their levels of materialism and loneliness.

Materialism was measured with a commonly used 18-item psychiatric survey on the topic, and loneliness was assed with a 10-item psychiatric survey. Each person was surveyed once a year around the same time.

From his results, Pieters found there were three main motivating factors behind shopping. The first, which he called "acquisition centrality," revolved around buying things for the exhilarating experience. Those who fall under this category genuinely like to shop and find joy in buying new things.

The second factor, called "possession-defined success," is when a person believes material goods affect their social status. They have to have what their friends have -- or something even better.

The third is known as "acquisition as a source of happiness." These people buy things in order to fill an emotional void in their life. They believe that something new will make them feel better.

So, which type is best for your emotional health? Surprisingly, the first type of consumer is probably the best off. Pieters found they had decreases in their levels of loneliness over time because they used material purchases as a kind of "happiness medicine."

"It is widely believed that there is a vicious cycle in which loneliness leads to materialism and materialism in turn contributes to loneliness," the authors noted. "But, contrary to popular beliefs about the universal perils of materialism, the pursuit of material possessions as part of a lifestyle of 'happy hedonism' may not actually be detrimental to consumer well-being when kept within certain limits."

However, if you're one of the other two types of shoppers, you may be making yourself feel more lonely.

People who are especially concerned with making sure they have at least the same level of material possessions as their friends and those who bought things in order to compensate for other life problems had increases in loneliness over time. These people also ended up shopping more, which lead to them being even lonelier, a vicious cycle.

For people who become lonely because of their penchant for material possessions, Pieters suggested that giving them more opportunities to interact with others and helping them with their social skills might work better at combating their isolation than just telling them to stop shopping.

"What they are saying...sort of makes common sense," Dr. Gail Saltz, a psychiatrist with the NY-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, told CBSNews.com.

Saltz, who wasn't involved in the study, said that it isn't exactly known why people tend to turn towards shopping to get them out of the blues, and this study attempts to address that.

"Loneliness is also a big problem," she said. "We're less connected more than ever. All those friends and Twitter followers, they're not intimate relationships. You aren't going to feel less lonely if a friend comments on your picture."

But, she warned that telling people that shopping may be a good way to combat loneliness could potentially be a dangerous path. The psychiatrist pointed out that the study looked at how a subject felt at a certain moment in time, and not how they were feeling in general throughout their lives. She compared it to talking about the weather and the climate.

"Yes, it might be a sunny day, but does it change that I live in an arctic environment climate-wise? No!" she exclaimed.

While there is nothing wrong with buying shoes because you really want a pair, Saltz said the problem is that shopping provides a positive reinforcement for people who trend towards addiction. Next, that person might need to shop more often or get more shoes to get the same rush.

"If you are buying something you can afford, and everybody that is involved in your finances is okay with it, then that's fine.... But if you're in credit card debt or stashing it in your trunk so your husband doesn't see you bought something, this is not an effective method."

Technically, shopping can't be addictive because there is no physiologically-addictive component to it, Saltz said. You can't go through withdrawal from not getting your next shopping spree. However, it can be a compulsive behavior for some -- and a serious one, especially if it they go in debt or face other personal problems because of their habit.

"If you're doing something to an extreme that is causing damage in your life, but you're not doing anything about it, that's a problem. People ruin their lives, and lose everything they have," Saltz said.

Saltz explained that these issues often run in families that have a history of compulsive behaviors. It may be rooted in biochemical or learned behavior from their past. Shopping could be the person's way of responding to a source of positive stimulation, similar to how gambling works for some.

She concluded that the study was "worthwhile."

"People often feel blue and try and think of ways to feel better, and shopping is a common one," Saltz explained. "But in today's economy, it isn't always an easy one, and people don't know other (methods to make them feel better)."

Sanjay Gupta backs medical marijuana, apologizes for previous views

One of America's most prominent doctors says he has shifted his stance in support of medical marijuana.

Dr. Sanjay Gupta, chief medical correspondent at CNN and a CBS News contributing medical correspondent, wrote a post today on CNN.com called, "Why I changed my mind on weed," in which he describes his change of heart that occurred while filming a documentary, aptly titled, "Weed."

"Long before I began this project, I had steadily reviewed the scientific literature on medical marijuana from the United States and thought it was fairly unimpressive," wrote Gupta. "Well, I am here to apologize."

Gupta says he was too dismissive of the "loud chorus" of legitimate patients whose symptoms improved with help from medical marijuana. He now says, "I mistakenly believed the Drug Enforcement Agency listed marijuana as a schedule 1 substance [a category of dangerous drugs] because of sound scientific proof."

"They didn't have the science to support that claim, and I now know that when it comes to marijuana neither of those things are true," wrote Gupta, citing patient cases including a 3-year-old whose seizures were dramatically reduced from 300 a week to three a month with medical marijuana's help.

He adds that marijuana does not have a high potential for addiction compared to cocaine, or even cigarettes.

Gupta is a faculty member in the department of neurosurgery at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta and in 2009, reports suggested he was offered the post of Surgeon General by President Barack Obama.

In the doctor's new post, he did reference concerns about the drug. As a father, he worried about marijuana's effects on the developing brain. Recent research suggests marijuana may affect a teen's IQ or raise risk for psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. He says he wouldn't permit his own kids to try it until they are adults.

Survey: 40% of adults in favor of marijuana legalization with tough laws Pot smokers may be less motivated due to lack of brain chemical Study shows 70 percent of Americans take prescription drugs Gupta also lamented on the challenges facing more research into medical marijuana for treating pain, including a stricter approval process that has to go through health agencies like the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).

He pointed out tolerance is a real problem in existing medications: People are likely to overdose from a prescription drug every 19 minutes, but he couldn't come across one case of a marijuana overdose.

"We have been terribly and systematically misled for nearly 70 years in the United States, and I apologize for my own role in that," said Gupta.

Medical marijuana is currently legalized in 20 states and the District of Columbia: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington State.

Illinois became the most recent state to approve a law Aug. 1, according to the Marijuana Policy Project. Maryland also has a hospital-based medical marijuana program.

Quantity limits and approved conditions vary by state, but can include chronic pain, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS and cancer.

A recent survey in the New England Journal of Medicine also indicated support for medical marijuana. When told about a hypothetical case of a 68-year-old woman with breast cancer that had spread to her lungs, chest and spine, 76 percent of doctors surveyed said they would favor the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes.

But support is not universal.

The prestigious Mayo Clinic has come out and said it does not support the use of medical marijuana for young people with chronic pain, citing a link to psychological disease and that people under 25 are more prone to become addicted.

New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg made headlines in June when he called medical marijuana one of the "great hoaxes of all time."

Recreational marijuana use is currently legalized in Colorado and Washington State, following the November 2012 elections.

Cyclospora sickens more than 500, CDC calls for better technology

More cases of cyclospora infections continue to be reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .

As of the evening of Aug. 7, 504 cases of cyclosporiasis have been reported in Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York (including New York City), Ohio, Texas and Wisconsin. Investigators are still struggling to pinpoint sources of the outbreaks in most of the 16 affected states.

At least 30 people have been hospitalized and no one has died.

Cyclosporiasis is caused by a cyclospora parasite found in contaminated food or drinking water.

Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea -- which health officials have said can last up to 57 days -- abdominal pain, cramping, flu-like aches and pains and low-grade fever.

Texas, with 190 cases, leaped ahead of Iowa (153) and Nebraska (85) this week to have the most reported infections.

In Iowa and Nebraska, the outbreak was traced to salads served at Darden Restaurant-owned Olive Garden and Red Lobster establishments in those states. The restaurants received the salads from Taylor Farms de Mexico, a North American supplier of produce to the food service industry.

But, government health officials still have not definitively linked the cases in other states to these restaurant chains or salads.

"We don't know that all the parasites are the same," CDC director Dr. Thomas Frieden, told CBS News chief medical correspondent Dr. Jon LaPook Wednesday.

He pointed out the last time there was a big cyclospora outbreak in the U.S. -- in 1997, when more than 1,000 illnesses were reported -- was traced to at least four different sources, including fresh fruits, vegetables and spices.

"Unless we can really track it down and understand it better, we can't figure out where it's coming from, and we may not be able to prevent as well as we could otherwise," said the CDC chief.

Frieden said more technological advances are needed to sequence a genome in real time, and mesh that information with patient interviews and other resources to quickly find the source of an outbreak and stop it.

"Not being able to analyze the genomic sequence of a microbe in real time is like trying to solve a crime without using fingerprints," he said.

But the CDC does not have this technology despite it existing, according to LaPook. He pointed out during the 2010 cholera outbreak, the CDC had to send samples to Canada to get analyzed and interpreted.

"Unfortunately we've been falling behind," said Frieden. "Microbes are evolving constantly, the technology to sequence genomes has been evolving rapidly -- and while we've made some progress, we haven't kept pace."

LaPook reports the CDC requested $40 million from Congress for a upgraded hardware and software. This could not only help determine future foodborne disease outbreaks, but find the sources of other outbreaks, such as hospital-acquired infections from beds or cooling systems, more rapidly.

"If we're not able to use next generation or whole genome sequencing, we may miss things that are happening," said Frieden.

Kids' emergency room visits due to magnet injuries on the rise

Children may be in awe of how magnets work, but doctors are warning that the common household items can be a serious health hazard if kids shove them in their mouths.

A study published Aug. 6 in the Annals of Emergency Medicine found that emergency room cases of children ingesting magnets increased five-fold between 2002 and 2011. Some kids experienced severe damage to their intestinal walls that required surgery after swallowing several magnets.

"It is common for children to put things in their mouth and nose, but the risk of intestinal damage increases dramatically when multiple magnets are swallowed," lead study author Dr. Jonathan Silverman, from the department of pediatrics at the University of Washington in Seattle, Wash., said in a press release. "The magnets in question were typically those found in kitchen gadgets or desk toys marketed to adults but irresistible to children."

More than 22,500 cases of magnetic foreign body injuries were reported during the decade-long study. Between 2002 and 2003, there were only 0.57 cases per 100,000 children. But, from 2010 to 2011, there were 3.06 cases per year per 100,000 children.

"Ten years ago, you did not see that," Dr. Michael Morowitz, a surgeon with the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, told CBS Pittsburgh. "We've actually seen cases at Children's Hospital, and similar to recent reports in the literature, the number of cases is rising."

In 74 percent of the cases, children swallowed the magnet. In another 21 percent of the cases, the children put the magnet up their nose. Almost a quarter of the doctors mentioned that the magnets were "tiny" or "small."

Multiple magnets posed added health risks. About 15.7 percent of the kids were admitted to the hospital after they swallowed more than one magnet, while only 2.3 percent of children who ingested only one magnet needed further hospital care.

If more than one magnet is swallowed, it could pinch the intestinal walls and lead to inflammation, ulceration or rip holes through the intestines. Left untreated, these conditions could lead to sepsis -- a dangerous bodily response to bacteria -- or death.

Unless you see a child swallow a magnet or magnets, it could be tough to tell what's causing their illness. Symptoms from swallowing magnets appear flu-like and include nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

Morowitz, who was not involved in the study, added that it was not out of the ordinary to see kids with up to 10 or 20 magnets in their intestines at one time. While the patient typically survives, they often have to undergo surgery to remove part of the intestine and fix damage.

Children who have had magnets removed successfully have experienced intestinal scarring, nutritional deficiencies or fertility issues if they were women.

The researchers pointed out it's not just young children who were victims -- older children had a disproportionate number of nasal injuries, perhaps from imitating piercings.

Last year, a Portland, Ore. girl swallowed 37 Buckyballs, a magnetic desk ornament. Her family thought she initially had the stomach flu. An X-ray showed she had a circular chain of magnets in her stomach. The magnets pincher her intestines together and ripped three holes through her lower intestine and one in her stomach,requiring surgery.

A government complaint filed by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in July 2012 requested that Buckyballs and Buckycubes no longer be available for purchase due to their potential health hazard for children. Though the company protested the claim and insisted that its products were not toys, both Buckyballs and Buckycubes are no longer for sale.

"I think we're dealing with items that on the surface don't necessarily seem that dangerous, but without question, particularly because the newer magnets are so strong, there is a health risk," Morowitz said.

Christina Stephens' "Lego Leg" video inspires amputees

St. Louis Christina Stephens filled her parents' basement with Lego castles and pirate ships as a child. When she put her Lego-building skills to work last month making a prosthetic leg out of the children's toy, she became a YouTube sensation.

Stephens, 31, lost her left foot in an accident this winter and decided to combine her clinical expertise as an occupational therapist with her own experience of losing a limb to help others dealing with amputations.

Stephens, who is small, athletic and seemingly always upbeat, began a series of videos and a Facebook page under the name "AmputeeOT," in which she addresses issues that many new amputees struggle with. Among them are how to swim with and without a prosthetic, deal with phantom limb pain, and clean an amputation site and prosthetic liner.

But it was her construction of a prosthetic leg out of hundreds of Lego pieces that made her an Internet star. The YouTube video has more than 1.3 million views since it was posted in early July.

"I thought my Legos video had some viral potential but I had no idea it would explode like it did," she said. "Part of what I want to do with my videos is de-stigmatize amputation and make it less scary," Stephens added.

Stephens has a knack for building and fixing things. In January, she was changing the brake pads on her Prius in her St. Louis garage when the car slipped off its jack stand and landed on her left foot.

Her husband, Christopher, used a hydraulic jack to lift the car off her and then rushed her to the hospital. She figured the foot was probably broken, but no worse.

"It didn't look that bad," Stephens recalled.

Within weeks, though, her toes and other parts of her foot turned gray, then black. Her surgeon believed he could save the foot, but there was no guarantee it would be functional, Stephens said.

"He wanted to do a partial foot amputation with multiple skin grafts over my foot and ankle, possible fusions," she recalled.

In addition to her work as a therapist, Stephens is a clinical researcher at Washington University. So rather than fret over her loss, she turned to research to decide if she'd be better off with a damaged foot or without the foot. The foot was numb yet painful, and knowing the pain may not go away if she kept the foot, she chose amputation. The foot was removed Feb. 26.

She was joking with colleagues in her research lab about the kinds of prosthetic leg she should use - a pirate peg and zombie leg were mentioned. A coworker at the research lab joked that she should make a new leg out of Legos, CNET reported in July.

She liked the idea of putting her childhood skills to the test, and she still had all of the Lego that her mother had amassed over the years, mostly through yard sales.

It took Stephens about two hours to shoot the time-lapse video in her south St. Louis home. In it, she constructs a colorful prosthetic leg, albeit one of no practical use: When she stands up on it, the foot crumbles.

The Lego leg isn't meant to be functional. "The video is sort of a metaphor for rebuilding your life after a disability," Stephens said. "But you can't really walk on it."

The video was an instant hit and has garnered widespread media attention, helping her get the word out about her other video tutorials. Several people have contacted her with questions, asking her to make videos addressing other issues, and to just say thanks for the information.

Sherry Young, a 38-year-old woman from suburban Washington D.C., was born with a partial tibia on her right leg. After two fractures, it became extremely painful and wasn't healing. For the past year, she's had to use crutches to walk. She had to either amputate or go through reconstructive surgery.

She found Stephens' videos on YouTube. Based on what she saw, she decided to amputate.

"Without Christina I don't think I would have gone through with this," Young said. "I would have dealt with the pain and just kept walking on crutches. I'm very happy I made the decision I did."

Young said even her children are more comfortable with the decision after watching Stephens' videos.

"I guess it's just her personality," Young said. "Watching her, she feels comfortable."

Kerri Morgan, an instructor in occupational therapy and neurology at Washington University who supervises Stephens, said Stephens has always been talented in her work, but even more so now.

"Since her injury, she has a different perspective to offer, making her an even stronger and more passionate occupational therapist," Morgan said.

Stephens plans more videos, and she has a second Lego leg - "Lego Leg 2.0," she called it. This one has moveable pieces - but it's still for show only.

Lack of technology hampers CDC investigation of cyclospora

(CBS News) NEW YORK -- An outbreak of cyclospora continues to spread. Cyclospora is a parasite that causes stomach illness. Four-hundred-sixty-seven cases have been reported in 16 states -- more than half in Iowa and Nebraska.

The cases in those two states were traced to tainted salad from Mexico, but the source in the other states has not been determined, because the researchers don't have the right tools. We spoke with the head of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

DR. JON LAPOOK: How do you know that the parasite that's in Iowa and Nebraska is the same that's in the other states?

Dr. Thomas Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control

/ CBS News

DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: We don't know that all the parasites are the same. Unless we can really track it down and understand it better, we can't figure out where it's coming from, and we may not be able to prevent as well as we could otherwise.

Dr. Thomas Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control, says the technology to do that exists, but the agency doesn't have it. Frieden says the CDC needs equipment that would allow investigators to identify a microorganism's genetic makeup, or genome.

FRIEDEN: We need to get to the next generation of detective work. It used to take months to be able to sequence part of a microbe's genome. Now, a piece of equipment like this [holds up computer chip] can sequence a genome in hours. Outbreaks in hospitals of severely resistant organisms we might identify environmental sources, beds, cooling systems which have that microbe on it and were the source.

Staying safe from cyclospora outbreak

Watch: Laws may stop identification of cyclospora source, below.

The problem hampered the CDC's investigation of the cholera outbreak in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake. The agency was forced to send its samples to Canada for testing.

FRIEDEN: We were able to sequence the genome, but to actually interpret it, we had to send it out of the country to be done, and I never want to have to do that again as CDC director.

LAPOOK: Potentially, what does the lack of this new technology mean in the future, say there was a more severe outbreak?

FRIEDEN: Not being able to analyze the genomic sequence of a microbe in real time is like trying to solve a crime without using fingerprints.

To fingerprint organisms using their genetic code, the CDC has requested $40 million from Congress for a combination of hardware and software.

© 2013 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 11 Comments +

Add a Comment See all 11 Comments by SaraNPh August 8, 2013 1:11 PM EDT His contention that it HAD to be sent out of the country is a bit silly.

There are universities and institutions all over the country that have the resources to do that work, including the NIH.

It is nice that Canada offered to help us out, on an international project, but I'm pretty sure that if they looked around they could have found a few server nodes and a computational biologist here to do it. It's not like no one in the US is doing sequencing. This is a lot of histrionics because you want to get a server and few computational biologists funded. Reply to this comment by Blabbertooth August 8, 2013 2:31 PM EDT Its not finding the source, its pointing a finger at the source. We are corrupted at all levels in the USA. The CDC guys don't want to bite the future hand that pays it.

by Blabbertooth August 8, 2013 10:44 AM EDT Not lack of technology but a giant conflict of interest has hampered the CDC. These government goons do their short stint and are rewarded with big overpaid jobs in the private corporate sector for not hammering and capturing criminal corporations. Reply to this comment by Blabbertooth August 8, 2013 10:54 AM EDT I would throw the FDA and SEC into the same kickback pot as the CDC. We are sad lot.

by N0enews August 8, 2013 10:32 AM EDT From first hand experience, the CDC is not the first to detect anything! Their policies often do not follow logic, and delay timely identification of deadly microorganisms! It fact, if it were not for the Air Force Epidemiology Laboratory at WPAFB, Ohio, sending the molecular id on hundreds of specimens from all over the world, the CDC would not have the info needed to make determination which strain of flu to make a vaccine for each year. The CDC takes credit for a lot they DONT DO! Reply to this comment by hvshields August 8, 2013 2:11 PM EDT Why are the FDA and CDC withholding the truth about the source of the cyclospora pathogen which is sickening hundreds of people across the US? The FDA AND CDC KNOW cyclospora originates in human feces and can be spread in sewage sludge biosolids used for crop "fertilizer" and reclaimed sewage effluent water used for crop "irrigation". The US EPA promotes the use of sludge biosolids and tainted irrigation water for farming to enable big cities and urban areas to dump their toxic, pathogenic wastes in Rural America "on the cheap" -and that is why the truth is being covered up.

Helane Shields, Alton, NH hshields@tds.net

by standardmathtables August 8, 2013 8:35 AM EDT Just transfer some of the excess travel funds from the IRS to the CDC. Problem solved. That's was a good manager would do. Reply to this comment by jsf14 August 8, 2013 6:31 AM EDT What country was the sample sent to? To a government lab there or to a private lab? What would it cost to have a US private lab do the work? What recourse would we have if the private lab raised the price? Reply to this comment by Blabbertooth August 7, 2013 8:27 PM EDT Yep, we are a bunch of lazy buffoons that have not bothered to keep up... Why should we, we would only hang some corporate place that will most likely be our next employer. We have no motivation. Just look the other way, that's us. Reply to this comment by Apacapacas1 August 7, 2013 11:51 PM EDT It's the budget cuts - the sequestration - that keeps the CDC underfunded so that it can't buy the technology it needs. Keeps police stations, fire houses, hospitals, schools, and other public services underfunded, too, but that's okay with the Republicans, as long as the rich get their tax cuts.

by Mathion August 7, 2013 11:55 PM EDT If you had one single, minuscule clue about what the hell you were talking about, you still wouldn't have made a damn bit of sense.

You should stick to posting about things that are consistent with your intellectual level - like debating the merits of the left turn in NASCAR.

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On the Road: Cop with record number of complaints

40 Photos

Child labor photos from 1911

Friends' quick action saves S.C. man after heart attack

(CBS News) GREER, S.C. -- Fifty-two-year-old Tony Gilliard is approaching life like never before.

"You gotta live your life like every day is your last day," he says.

Tony Gilliard

/ CBS News

This past June 11 almost was his last day. Gilliard was playing his regular weekly basketball game in a church gymnasium in Greer, S.C., when he suddenly passed out. It quickly became clear that this was a matter of life or death.

"I don't remember nothing," Gilliard says. "I was just dead. I just died."

It was a heart attack, and Gilliard was in full cardiac arrest. His teammates immediately got to work.

One grabbed the defibrillator the church had just recently installed. Another started chest compressions.

Yet another, who had undergone defibrillator training just 4 days before, shocked Gilliard's heart back to life -- four-and-a-half minutes after it had stopped beating.

Tony Gilliard collapsed on the basketball court and went into cardiac arrest.

/ CBS News

As the EMTs arrived about five minutes later, Gilliard began to regain consciousness.

Gilliard says the first thing he thought was that he was "a little embarrassed."

"I'm laying here, looking up and EMTs are around me, and [I thought], 'OK, I just messed up a pretty good basketball game," he says.

At first, Gilliard didn't want to watch the security camera video, but when he finally did, he was stunned. All of the men came together and did their roles as if they had rehearsed them.

"They were heroic," Gilliard says.

After Tony Gilliard had a heart attack, his teammates quickly got to work.

/ CBS News

Gilliard's teammates David Sandquist, Josh Thomas and Chard Garrett refused to give up.

"All I could think about was Father's Day was right there, and this guy has kids," Garrett says. "We're not gonna ruin their Father's Day."

Gilliard and his wife Rita have two grown children and three grandchildren.

Rita says that if Gilliard's teammates had not sprung into action, "my night would have been drastically different. I would have been planning a funeral."

Gilliard often watches the weekly basketball game from the sidelines. He isn't ready to play yet, but he does practice his shot.

He says there's one part that he still can't get out of his mind: at the end, as he was wheeled out of the gym, when his friends got down on their knees and prayed.

© 2013 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chip Reid Chip Reid is CBS News' national correspondent.

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On the Road: Cop with record number of complaints

Study: Mental health woes, not deployment or combat, raise military suicide risk

Military suicide rates have increased sharply in recent years, drawing the attention of government officials and mental health experts looking for ways to reverse the trend.

Researchers looking at risk factors for why military members may take their own lives have found that having a prior mental health disorder or being a male increased suicide risk. Where the solider was deployed or whether the person was in combat, however, were not associated with raised risk.

"Beginning in 2005, the incidence of suicide deaths in the U.S. military began to sharply increase," wrote the study's authors, led by Cynthia A. LeardMann, a biostatistician at the Naval Health Research Center in San Diego. "Unique stressors, such as combat deployments, have been assumed to underlie the increasing incidence."

But, "The findings from this study do not support an association between deployment or combat with suicide, rather they are consistent with previous research indicating that mental health problems increase suicide risk," the authors added.

In what they're calling the first prospective study of suicide risk to track military members from all branches, researchers analyzed a pool of more than 151,000 current and former U.S. military personnel who were enrolled in the Millennium Cohort Study. The study tracked servicemembers from 2001 through 2008. Participants were given questionnaires, then researchers looked at the Department of Defense's mortality registry to check who had died.

A veteran's journey from the brink of suicide 60 Minutes: Invisible wounds of war PTSD's effect on U.S. veterans explored on CBS Radio News They identified 83 suicides among the study participants. Based on the data, the researchers associated increased suicide risk with being a male, having depression, manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder, being a heavy or binge drinker and having alcohol-related problems.

Those are risk factors for suicide for anyone -- not just military personnel. That suggests the increased suicide rate in the military may be a product of increased prevalence of mental health disorders nationwide, the authors wrote -- possibly an indirect byproduct of occupational stress when at home or deployed.

"Therefore, knowing the psychiatric history, screening for mental and substance use disorders, and early recognition of associated suicidal behaviors combined with high-quality treatment are likely to provide the best potential for mitigating suicide risk," the researchers concluded in the study, which was published Aug. 6 in JAMA.

A May study in JAMA Psychiatry linked traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) to increased suicide risk among military personnel. The new study did not look at incidence rates of TBIs.

Researchers also found in a May issue of Pediatrics that children of military servicemembers may be at an increased risk for social, emotional and behavioral problems.

In an accompanying editorial published in the same journal issue, Dr. Charles C. Engel, an associate professor of psychiatry at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Md., writes that because the study ended in 2008, "some may misinterpret the findings as evidence that 12 years of war is not to blame for the recent increase in military suicide rates."

He also points out the study did not compare civilian and military populations. But, the findings suggest some of the major risks of military suicide could be prevented with evidence-based treatments, he said.

"These findings offer some potentially reassuring ways forward: the major modifiable mental health antecedents of military suicide -- mood disorders and alcohol misuse -- are mental disorders for which effective treatments exist," wrote Engel. Such success will also require addressing long-standing military ambivalence toward the medical model of mental illness -- an ambivalence affecting service members, military clinicians, and senior leaders alike."

Mothers in urban areas may be more prone to postpartum depression

Mothers who live in cities may be at a higher risk of postpartum depression than those who live elsewhere.

Postpartum depression is a medical condition in which new mothers have severe and long-lasting depression that may start up to one year after having a child. Symptoms typically begin between one and three weeks after delivery. Mothers may feel worthless, hopeless and may want to hurt themselves or the baby.

Previous research estimates that one in seven mothers who just gave birth may suffer from postpartum depression. The cause is unknown, but experts believe that it may have to do with hormonal chances during and after pregnancy, changes the body goes through while pregnant, worries over being a mom, lifestyle changes and changes in social and work relationships.

The authors of the new study looked at data on 5,421 Canadian women who were living in rural areas (defined as less than 1,000 people but 400 or more inhabitants per square kilometer) semirural (under 30,000 residents), semiurban (30,000 to 499,999 residents) and urban (500,000 or more residents) areas.

About 7.5 percent of them had postpartum depression. Ten percent of women in urban areas reported having the condition, but only 6 percent of women in the rural areas said they had the sickness.

Many immigrants lived in the urban areas, the researchers pointed out, and women in urban areas also reported having lower levels of support during and after pregnancy.

"What we hypothesized is what's happening in smaller areas is there's actually more support because there's more access to family -- it's a much more family-oriented culture," Dr. Simone Vigod, psychiatrist at Women's College Hospital and scientist at Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, told Global News. "Whereas in large populations, there are pockets of isolation...people are moving away from their families, working long hours, they have long commutes, and maybe their partners aren't around as much."

Women who were born in Canada had a lower risk compared to women who moved there. Vigod said that finding suggests immigrants may not be as well-versed with the Canadian health care system before they gave birth, which means they might not have had proper treatment for pre-existing depression. That in turn may have increased the chances of postpartum depression. Moving away from ones family can also increase the risk of the disorder because the woman's mother, who is often a strong support system, might not be there to help.

Postpartum depression rates were at 7 and 5 percent in semirural and semiurban areas. respectively.

"It actually suggests there's something going on in these semiurban areas to mitigate the risk," Vigod explained. "In this study, even though women in urban areas reported less history of depression, it's almost like the lack of social support really drove the increased risk."

Vigod said there needs to be more services to help mothers based on their locations to aid in the fight against postpartum depression.

"Supports and services targeted toward increasing connections for isolated women in large urban centres may need to be increased in Canada," the authors wrote. "Considering the substantial negative effect of postpartum depression, such interventions could have broad-reaching social and public health impact."

The study was published Aug. 6 in the Canadian Medical Association Journal.

Women who become moms before they are 20, people with a history of alcohol or drug abuse and women who experience an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy are at higher risk for postpartum depression. Family history of depression, bipolar disorder or an anxiety disorder are also risk factors.

"Susanna" starring Anna Paquin sheds light on postpartum depression Birdie Meyer, education and training chair at Postpartum Support International, previously told CBSNews.com that the condition can be treated with medication, talk therapy and group therapy. But, it is up to the mother to recognize she is having a problem and seek help.

CDC: Obesity rates falling among U.S. preschoolers

A new government study of preschoolers shows there has been progress in the fight against childhood obesity.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's new report found about one in eight preschool-aged kids are obese, but the rates may be falling.

CDC researchers studied more than 11 million low-income preschool children in 43 U.S. states and territories from 2008 through 2011. They found obesity rates fell in 18 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Health officials hope the findings are a sign of things to come.

"Although obesity remains epidemic, the tide has begun to turn for some kids in some states," CDC director Dr. Tom Frieden, said in a statement. "While the changes are small, for the first time in a generation they are going in the right direction."

Overall, about one-third of U.S. children and adolescents are overweight or obese. That reflects a tripling of childhood obesity rates over the past thirty years.

Obese kids have been shown to have more risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure and cholesterol. They also are at added risk for Type 2 diabetes and joint problems. Longer term, these kids are more likely to remain obese as adults, raising the chance they will develop a host of health conditions including heart attacks, strokes and several types of cancer.

While preschool obesity rates dropped in at least 18 states -- including California, Florida, New York, Minnesota, Mississippi, and Washington State -- they remained unchanged in 20 states and in Puerto Rico. Three states even saw increases: Colorado, Pennsylvania and Tennessee.

Obesity rates also appeared to be higher among minority children. About one in five black children and one in six Hispanic children between the ages of 2 and 5 were obese, the CDC found.

Dr. Janet L. Collins, director of CDC's division of nutrition, physical activity and obesity, pointed out that states that saw obesity drops implemented programs to incorporate healthy eating and physical activity in kids' lives. A study this week found preschoolers and kindergartners who consumed a sugary drink each day were more likely to be obese.

Specific programs were not highlighted in the report, but the CDC said state and local health officials could create community partnerships to make it easier for families with kids to buy healthy, affordable foods and beverages,.

Local schools could open up gyms, playgrounds and sports fields when school isn't in session to allow more kids to play safely.

Two NYC hospitals to prescribe fruits and vegetables NYC beating childhood obesity better than LA America's Health Rankings show worrisome rates of chronic disease, inactivity The federal government could fund states and communities for these programs and provide training to schools and child care centers through the We Can! and Let's Move! initiatives, the report added. First Lady Michelle Obama said in a statement that 10,000 childcare programs participate in Let's Move!

"Yet, while this announcement reflects important progress, we also know that there is tremendous work still to be done to support healthy futures for all our children," she said.

< p>Previous government research also showed a trend towards childhood obesity finally reversing. A Dec. 2012 report from the CDC reported declines in childhood obesity rates for preschool children enrolled in federally funded health programs. In 2003, 15.21 percent of 2 to 4-year-olds studied were obese but by 2010, prevalence declined to about 14.94 percent.

"These signs of progress tell a clear story: we can reverse the childhood obesity epidemic. It isn't some kind of unstoppable force," Dr. James Marks, senior vice president and director of the Health Group at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, said to HealthDay. "Any community or state that makes healthy changes can achieve success. However, no single change is powerful enough by itself. It has taken a sustained, comprehensive approach in the places that have succeeded."

The CDC's new report was published in the Aug. 2013 issue of Vital Signs.

Walking, cycling to work may curb diabetes risk

Do you walk to work? Your daily jaunt may be cutting your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes by about 40 percent.

A new study published in the American Journal of Preventative Medicine on Aug. 6 looked at the various methods people use to get to work and how it impacted their health. Not surprisingly, driving was not the top way to protect against obesity and chronic disease.

Researchers surveyed 20,000 people across the U.K. for the study. They found that people who cycled, walked and used public transportation were less likely to be overweight than those who drove.

About 19 percent of responders who used a private mode of transportation for their work travel -- including cars, motorbikes or taxis -- were obese. Only 15 percent of walkers and 13 percent of cyclists, however, were obese.

The researchers found other health benefits. Cyclists were about 50 percent less likely to have diabetes compared to drivers. People who walked to work were 40 percent less likely to have diabetes and 17 percent less likely to have high blood pressure compared to those who took their cars.

"This study highlights that building physical activity into the daily routine by walking, cycling or using public transport to get to work is good for personal health ," study co-author Anthony Laverty, a research assistant at the School of Public Health at Imperial College London, said in a press release.

About 25.8 million children and adults in the U.S. have diabetes, the American Diabetes Association reports. Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease, is a condition in which the body cannot correctly use a hormone called insulin, which helps regulate the amount of sugar in blood.

One out of three American adults has high blood pressure or hypertension, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Obesity is a risk factor for both of those diseases. The CDC reports that more than one-third of U.S. adults are obese.

Watching your avatar be healthy may help with weight loss Diet, exercise for Type 2 diabetics may not lower heart attack risk Dr. Chris Millett, a medical faculty member at the School of Public Health at the Imperial College London who co-authored the study, added to diabetes.co.uk that it is known that walking is better than staying seated on the way to work. But, even he was surprised at how much physical activity helped lower rates of diabetes and high blood pressure.

Recent research also shows that walking offers protective health benefits. Short 15-minute walks after meals have been shown to lower the risk of Type 2 diabetes. An April 2013 study showed that walking may be just as good as running when it comes to heart benefits.

Alas, the CDC reports that 80 percent of U.S. adults don't get the recommended weekly amount of physical activity. The agency advises at least 2.5 hours of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise each week, one hour and 15 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity or a combination of both. Adults should also engage in muscle-strengthening activities like lifting weights or doing push-ups at least twice per week.

"We are recommended to have at least 30 minutes' moderate exercise a day so only a 15-minute walk at either end and you have done your quota -- although the longer the better," Millett said. "It's also more convenient than going to the gym because it can be factored in as part of your day without having to set aside any other time."

Study: Kids hurt during sports once every 25 seconds

Many childhoods would not be complete without youth sports. But, a new study from Safe Kids Worldwide reminds parents that kids can get hurt in the field of play -- about once every 25 seconds.

About 1.35 million emergency room visits due to severe sports injuries occur each year, according to Safe Kids, making up 20 percent of all injury-related ER visits for children and adolescents.

"We uncovered some surprising and disturbing data about how often our kids are being injured playing sports," Kate Carr, president and CEO of Safe Kids Worldwide, said in a statement.

For the new report, researchers from the child injury awareness organization looked at emergency room data collected in 2011 on injuries related to the top 14 sports for kids, including basketball, soccer, baseball, softball, cheerleading and ice hockey.

The most common injuries were strains and sprains, followed by fractures, bruises and scrapes.

Especially concerning though were the researchers found about 163,000 of those ER visits -- or 12 percent -- were for concussions. That's about one child concussed every three minutes, Safe Kids points out. Nearly half of the concussions (47 percent) occurred in children between 12 and 15 years old, a "disturbing" trend because younger children take longer to recover from concussions than older ones. Serious and potentially deadly brain swelling is also more common in young people with traumatic brain injuries than adults, the report added.

Recent guidelines released by the American Academy of Neurology affirm youth athletes tend to take longer to recover from concussions than college athletes. A more conservative approach is now recommended when dealing with a kid who suffered a head injury. Those guidelines urge: "If in doubt, sit it out."

Football had the highest concussion rate -- and the most overall sports-related injuries -- followed by wrestling and cheerleading.

Ice hockey had the highest percentage of concussions among its injuries (31 percent).

Concussions weren't the only serious sports injuries reported in kids. About one in 10 ER visits were due to knee injuries, specifically tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) that may require an emergency operation.

Young female athletes were about eight times more likely to suffer an ACL injury than their male counterparts for unknown biological reasons. Tearing an ACL in childhood puts a child at 10 times more risk for generative knee problems in adulthood, Safe Kids points out.

Previous research has suggested up to a 400 percent spike in knee injuries in young people over the past decade.

Dr. James Andrews -- an American orthopedic surgeon renowned for his work as a sports surgeon on high-profile athletes -- also weighed in on the report. He brought attention to parents and coaches that he frequently sees overuse in young athletes who have injuries, especially in baseball players who throw too hard or too much without rest.

Despite treating many major athletes, most of his patients are in fact kids.

"I have seen my patient population and surgical cases get increasingly younger," Andrews said in the report. "Children, parents and coaches need to realize that kids need to take a break from playing one sport year round. Sports should be fun for children."

The new report, called "Game Changers," was funded by Johnson & Johnson.

"This report should serve as a wake-up call and continual reminder for all parents, coaches and medical personnel about the risk of sports-related concussions -- especially in younger athletes before they enter high school," Dr. Robert Glatter, director of sports medicine and traumatic brain injury in the department of emergency medicine at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, said to CBSNews.com in an email.

More children injured by falling TVs Frequent soccer headers may leave lasting brain damage Repeat concussions may require longer recoveries in kids Safe Kids urges coaches, parents and young athletes to get more educated about sports injuries and how to stay safe. Athletes should be taught injury prevention skills including smart hydration habits, warm-ups and stretches. They should also get plenty of rest, and in the event they do get hurt -- speak up.

"Too often, athletes feel like they are letting down their teammates, coaches or parents if they ask to sit out," according to Safe Kids. "The truth is it takes more courage to speak up about an injury that can have serious and long-term effects."

Glatter agreed the time is now for a change in sports culture to one of injury prevention and disclosure.

He said, "The most effective protection for our children is having a solid team of parents, coaches and medical professionals united to keep our children safe and educated to ensure their longevity in the sports they enjoy."

Safe Kids Worldwide has more information on sports safety tips.